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Understanding the Growth and Prospects of Agro-Processing
Industries in Bihar
Dr. Rajiv Kumar Sinha, Research Associate
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Impact Evaluation of Revised National Watershed Development
Projects for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) during 10th Plan in Bihar
2009, Dr. Ranjan Kumar Sinha, Research
Officer
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State Budgetary Resources and Agricultural Development in Bihar
2010, Mr. Rambalak Choudhary, Research
Officer
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Impact of NREGA on Wage
Rates, Food Security and Rural Urban Migration in Bihar
Dr. Rajiv Kumar Sinha, Dr (Mrs)
Rosline Kusum Marandi
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Possibilities and Constraints for Increasing the Pulses
Production in Bihar and Impact of National Food Security Mission
on Pulses
Mr. Rambalak
Choudhary
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Impact of Emerging Marketing Channels in Agriculture
Marketing--- Benefit to Producer-Sellers and Marketing Costs and
Margins of Major Agricultural Commodities in Bihar & Jharkhand
2010, Dr. Ranjan Kumar Sinha, Research Officer
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Defined as set of techno-economic
activities, applied to all the produces, originating from
agricultural farm livestock, aquaculture sources and forests for
their conservation, handling and value addition to make them usable
as food, feed, fibre, fuel or industrial raw materials,
agro-processing industries (APIs) in India has vast potential to (i)
absorb the surplus work force in rural areas, and; (ii) save wastage
of over 30.00 per cent of fruits and vegetables annually. In view of
this, the study has been undertaken with the specific objectives
like to present a profile of APIs and recent trend, examine existing
location pattern of selected agro industries, impact of APIs on
agriculture, study economics of APIs, analyse marketing behavior of
processed products, study employment potential, analyse constraints
on acceleration of production, and; review export performance.
To pursue the objectives of the study, 18 food based APIs
(comprising 06 each from cereal based, spice and horticultural
products and livestock) and 09 from the broad category of
Agro-Non-food products (03 each from textile, wood and leather based
activities), were studied in detail. The sampled processing units
were chosen from OAMEs, NDMEs and DMEs, (in the ratio of 3:2:1 from
agro food and 1:1:1 from agro- non-food categories).
The study finds that as a result of increase in income, change in
preference and urbanization, demand for value added products based
on both agro food and non-food products have been rising. Vast
potential also exists in Bihar for APIs. Untapped resources are also
there. The opportunity has to be exploited with vision. The
installation of a good number of APIs in the state will lead to
creation of adequate employment opportunities, enhanced income for
rural masses and ensure flow of income in sustainable basis through
export.
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India has looked to watershed
development as a way to realize its hopes for agricultural
development in rainfed and semi-arid areas, which were bypassed by
the Green Revolution and have experienced little or no growth in
agricultural production for several decades. Three Ministries viz.,
Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment and Forest are
undertaking watershed development programmes, which focuses on
different aspects and activities within the Ministrys development
criteria. The largest project in terms of scope and extent is NWDPRA,
being implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of
India. This study has been undertaken at the instance of Rainfed
Division (RFS) of the Ministry with a view to assess the impact of
the programme. The study in based on both secondary and primary
data. There are two different reference periods viz., pre project
year (2001-02) and post project year (2006-07). The findings
relating to IRR (Internal Rate of Return) of the project is up to
202.00 per cent and the CB ratio varies from 1:1.87 to 1:2.02, which
clearly reveal that the project is beneficial but the problem of
sustainability continues. The beneficiaries were found passive
recipients rather than active contributors. To make the programme
success recommendations are given, which need due attention.
There is a very serious concern for
agricultural development in the country when over the years the
resource allocations by the state to agriculture through their
budgetary resources have been shrinking. In this context, a study on
budgetary resources to the agricultural sector in the state (Bihar)
is essential with a view to analyse the trends in budgetary
allocation of resources to the agricultural sector as a whole and
the sub-sectors of agriculture, to document & analyse schemes under
operation in Bihar contributing to the development of the
agricultural sector and to enlist and analyse the impact of central
sector schemes operating in the agricultural sector in the state.
The study is based on secondary data and the reference period is
1985-86 to 2005-06 (20 years). The analysis of trends and pattern of
budgetary expenditure in agriculture revealed that the total
budgetary expenditure in state increased more than six times, the
total expenditure on economic services increased five times and
expenditure on agriculture merely increased 1.22 times during the
reference period. The growth rate of expenditure was 1.12 per cent
during pre reform period (1985-86 to 1990-91), which fell to 0.87
per cent during the post reform period (1991-92 to 2005-06),
indicating a declining trend of budgetary support to agriculture. It
further reveals that the share of expenditure on agriculture as a
share of total budget declined from 9.12 per cent to 1.93 per cent
during the period. Similarly the share of expenditure in NSDP is
also declining. In view of declining contribution to agriculture to
GSDP, stagnation in agricultural productivity and other
complexicities in agricultural development, some policy measures
have been suggested.
With the basic objective of enhancing
livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of
guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to all such
households, whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual
works, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (2005) has
figured in the list of one of the most significant and unique
programmes of the world. Obviously, its likely impact was desired in
the form of enhanced wage rate, better food security environment and
reduction in magnitude and frequency of rural-urban migration. With
these issues in consideration, the study was assigned to AERC for
Bihar & Jharkhand, T M Bhagalpur University by the Directorate of
Economics & Statistics, Department of Agriculture & Co-operation,
Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India in the work plan year
2009-11 with the objectives: (i) to measure the extent of manpower
employment generated, (ii) compare wage differentials between NREGA
and other wage employment activities, (iii) effect on pattern of
migration, (iv) find out nature of assets created, (v)
identification of factors determining the participation of people,
and; (vi) assess the implementation of NREGA, its functioning and to
suggest suitable policy measures.
The methodology entrenched five districts, one each from north,
south, east-west and central locations of the state selected from
out of the phase I and phase II districts in regard to
implementation of NREGA. The districts selected comprised:
Kishanganj, Rohtas, Samastipur, Banka and Gopalganj. Two villages,
one within 5 kilometres periphery of the district headquarters, and
the other, at a distance of 20 K Ms or more were selected from each
of the selected districts. From every village, 20 NREGA workers and
05 non-participants were surveyed in detail. Thus, 25 x 2 villages x
5 Districts = 250 respondents formed the total sample size.
All the objectives of the study have been elaborately addressed in
seven chapters. Introductory part has been precisely presented in
Chapter I. Manpower employment generated under NREGS and its
socio-economic characteristics have been consolidated in Chapter
II. Erudite analysis related to household characteristics along with
their income and consumption pattern form the part of Chapter III.
Finder exercise has been made in Chapter IV to conceptualize work
profile under NREGA, wage structure and migration issues. The
qualitative aspects related to functioning of NREGA have been
figured in Chapter V. Impact of NREGA on village economy has been
examined in Chapter VI. Concluding remarks and policy suggestions
have been systematically unfurled in Chapter VII.
India is the largest producer, consumer
and importer of pulses in the world. However, there is virtual
stagnation in production for a long time and a steady import in
recent years. Despite the major policy initiatives such as AICPIP,
NPDP, T M Pand, ISOPON, there is very little improvement in pulse
production scenario in the country. In 2007-08, National Food
Security Mission (NFSM) pulses replaced the existing pulses related
programmes with the main of increasing the pulses production in the
country by 2 MT by the end of 2011-12, and thus, the Ministry of
Agriculture, Government of India has assigned this study, which
intends to assess the effectiveness of NFSM pulses. The main
objectives of the study are to analyze returns from cultivation of
pulses vis-a-computing crops, to analyze the other major problems
and prospects of pulse cultivation and to assess the impact, if any
of NFSM pulses on pulses.
The study has been undertaken in two sample districts viz., Patna (NFSM)
District and Kishanganj (Non-NFSM) District. A sample of 50 farm
households from each of the sample districts, taking together 100
farm households forms the size of the sample. The study report has
been presented into eight chapters. Chapter one introduces the
theme, a background on pulses sector in the state and district has
been given in chapter II, chapter III deals with demographic
profile and cropping pattern of the study region. Economics of
pulses cultivation, Technology adoption, Major pest problems and
impact of NFSM on pulses production in Bihar have been placed in
chapter _ IV, V, VI and VII chapter respectively; whereas summery,
Conclusions and Policy Implications has been presented in the last
chapter of the report.
31.
Impact of Emerging Marketing
Channels in Agriculture Marketing--- Benefit to Producer-Sellers and
Marketing Costs and Margins of Major Agricultural Commodities in Bihar &
Jharkhand
In 21st Century when international trade
barriers are being overcome through free trade agreements, the
Government of India recognized the importance of liberalizing
agriculture marketing and thus, drafted a model Agricultural Produce
Marketing Committee (APMC) Act, 2003 advising the states to amend their
respective APMC Acts in the light of model Act. The amended act aims to
complete transformation of agricultural marketing across the states to
make it more market and growth oriented. The states where it amended,
the agricultural marketing situations have tremendously changed and
thus, the Marketing Division of the Department of Agriculture and
Co-operation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India has assigned
this study to its Agro-Economic Research Centres/Units to undertake this
study in their respective states. Accordingly, this Centre i.e., AER
Centre, Bhagalpur under T M Bhagalpur University, Bihar has undertaken
this study in Bihar and Jharkhand states.
This study has been undertaken in Bihar & Jharkhand states covering
mango crop among the fruits and cauliflower among the vegetables in
Bihar and Jharkhand states respectively. The sample has been drawn from
both the marketing channels viz., traditional (TMC) and emerging (EMC).
50 farm households each from TMC and EMC in each state have been
selected covering proportionately from small, medium and large farm
categories. Besides farm households, other marketing players and
consumers have also included in the sample, which constitutes 05 from
buyers/traders, 15 retailers and 15 consumers on TMC category and 05
buyers and 15 consumers on EMC category in each state, taking together
30 and 20 on TMC and EMC group respectively in each states.
Moreover, Bihar has repealed its Bihar Agricultural Produce Marketing
Committee (BAPMC) Act w.e.f., 01/09/2006 and opened its agricultural
markets whereas that of amended for direct marketing, contract farming,
markets in Co-operative/private sectors w.e.f., 06/12/2008 in Jharkhand
and dialogues with the corporate bodies or individuals are taking place
for contract farming etc. in Jharkhand. The study report has been
presented into six chapters. Chapter - I introduces the theme, a
background on agricultural marketing reforms for TMC and EMC has been
given in chapter II; chapter III deals with sampling methodology and
socio-economic profiles; comparison on the benefits and constraints for
the agents trading in the TMC and EMC has been analyzed in chapter IV;
marketing efficiency has been placed in chapter V; whereas Summary &
Conclusions along with policy implications has been written in the last
chapter of the report.
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